The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of golden mussel flour (GMSF) contaminated with increasing rates of cadmium (Cd) as a replacement for limestone as a Ca source, in broiler chicken feed from 14 to 42 days of age. A total of 60 animals were assigned to four treatments (inclusion rates of Cd: 6.94, 14.55, 22.40, and 30.00 mg Cd kg-1) with five replications in a completely randomized design. At 42 d, blood samples were collected to evaluate serum concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, Ca, P, and Cd. After slaughter, tissues were collected to evaluate Cd concentration in bone parameters. Growth performance of broiler chickens and Cd content in the breast meat were not affected by the inclusion rates of Cd in the GMSF. However, there was an effect of Cd in GMSF on the concentration of Cd in the skin, liver, bones, feathers, and serum; ALT; and total bilirubin. Bone flexibility had a quadratic response to increasing inclusion rates of GMSF; serum Ca concentration increased linearly and there was no effect on serum P concentration. Concentrations of Cd in GMSF above 20 mg kg-1 caused high Cd contamination in broiler tissues. Therefore, it was concluded that Cd concentrations above 6.94 mg kg-i in broiler diets caused high Cd concentrations in meat and organs that are above those permitted for human consumption.

The main focus of this work was to investigate the residual esterification activity and the product conversion after 10 successive cycles of utilization of a commercial lipase in three systems: esterification of 2-ethyl hexanol and palmitic acid in a solvent-free system; esterification of ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in tert-butanol; and transesterification of glycerol and methyl benzoate in 2-propanol. These systems were chosen based on previous results by our research group in terms of product conversion. Before scale-up, there is a need for evaluating several cycles of utilization of the biocatalyst. The esterification of 2-ethyl hexanol showed that after 10 cycles the enzyme retained 90% of its activity. The system consisting of ascorbic acid, palmitic acid, Novozym 435 and tert-butanol showed that a reduction in enzyme activity was accompanied by a reduction in reaction conversion; the same behavior was not observed for the third system.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características morfológicas e os parâmetros da produção de biomassa, tais como o peso de matéria fresca e seca (FMW e DMW, g/planta), o rendimento da matéria seca (YDM) em termos de ton/ha, o índice de óleo essencial (EOC, mL/100 g) e o rendimento dos óleos essenciais (YEO) expressos em L/ha das plantas Salvia verbenaca, Salvia argentea, Salvia lavandulifolia, Salvia pratensis, Salvia sclarea, Salvia triloba e Salvia officinalis. À exceção de Salvia argentea (S2), todas as demais espécies adaptaram-se às condições de clima do sul do Brasil, com diferenças morfológicas entre as espécies avaliadas. Em termos de DMW e de YDM, S. officinalis foi observada como a mais produtiva com 445,83 g/planta e 11,14 ton/ha. O índice e o rendimento de óleo essencial mais elevado também foi observado em S. officinalis, com 1,99 mL/100g e 221,74 L/ha, respectivamente. A caracterização química dos óleos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestilação foi feita por CG e CG/EM, revelando, para a maioria das espécies estudadas, α e β-tujona, cânfora e 1.8 cineol como compostos principais, já S. sclarea apresentou linalol, acetato linalila e α-terpineol como componentes principais.

The aim of this work is to assess the morphological characteristics and parameters of biomass production, such as fresh and dry matter weight (FMW and DMW, g/plant), yield of dry matter (YDM) in terms of ton/ha, essential oil content (EOC, mL/100 g) and yield of essential oils (YEO) expressed as L/ha of the following plants Salvia verbenaca, Salvia argentea, Salvia lavandulifolia, Salvia pratensis, Salvia sclarea, Salvia triloba and Salvia officinalis. Except for Salvia argentea (S2) all other species have adapted to the south Brazilian climate conditions, with morphological differences among the species evaluated. In terms of DMW and YDM, S. officinalis was found to be the most productive species with 445.83 g/plant and 11.14 ton/ha. The higher essential oil content and yield was observed for S. officinalis, affording 1.99 mL/100 g and 221.74 L/ha, respectively. Chemical characterisation of the essential oils obtained from hydrodistillation was performed through GC and GC/MSD analyses, which revealed for most of the species studied, α e β-thujone, camphor and 1,8-cineole as major compounds, apart from S. sclarea, for which linalool, linalyl acetate and α-terpineol were the major components.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade genética em dezoito populações de Maytenus ilicifolia, e representantes de Maytenus aquifolia e Maytenus evonymoidis, coletadas nos Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD. Considerados todos os representantes das três espécies, foram identificados 263 fragmentos amplificados, dos quais 72,2% mostraram-se polimórficos. O índice de similaridade (coeficiente de Jaccard) foi em média de 0,64 entre M. ilicifolia e M. aquifolia, de 0,47 entre M. ilicifolia e M. evonymoidis e de 0,44 entre M. aquifolia e M. evonymoidis. A análise de agrupamentos através do algoritmo UPGMA permitiu separar claramente as três espécies analisadas. Na determinação da variabilidade dentro de M. ilicifolia foram identificadas 222 bandas, em média de 11,1 bandas por primer, sendo 43,2% polimórficas. O índice de similaridade (coeficiente de Jaccard) dentro dos bulks de cada população em M. ilicifolia foi em média de 0,92, e índices de similaridade entre as populações de 0,83. A análise de agrupamentos através do algoritmo UPGMA e análise de coordenadas principais (PCO), permitiram separar as populações analisadas em três grupos, destacando as populações do sul do RS e a de MS das outras avaliadas. Foi observada uma relação entre os agrupamentos encontrados e as características edafoclimáticas dos locais de coleta.

The aim of this work was to analyze genetic variability in 18 populations of Maytenus ilicifolia, and representatives of Maytenus aquifolia and Maytenus evonymoidis, collected in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, using RAPD molecular markers. Considering total samples of the three species, 263 amplified fragments were identified, of which 72.2% showed to be polymorphous. The index of similarity (Jaccard coefficient) was on average 0.64 between M. ilicifolia and M. aquifolia; 0.47 between M. ilicifolia and M. evonymoidis; and 0.44 between M. aquifolia and M. evonymoidis. The analysis of groupings by the UPGMA algorithm allowed to clearly separate the three analyzed species. In determining the variability in M. ilicifolia, 222 bands were identified, on average 11.1 bands per primer, being 43.2% polymorphous. The index of similarity (Jaccard coefficient) in the bulks of each population in M. ilicifolia was, on average, 0.92 and the index of similarities among the populations was 0.83. The analysis of groupings with the UPGMA algorithm and the analysis of the main coordination (PCO), allowed the separation of the analyzed populations into three groups, the populations from the south of Rio Grande do Sul and the population from Mato Grosso do Sul standing out. A relation between the groupings found and the edaphoclimatic conditions of the collecting places was observed.